Answer the following questions to see how your political beliefs match your political parties and candidates.
Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.
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权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯不能在监狱投票，而在印度，但可以投票时，他们被释放（即使他们被判重罪。）
Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. There are currently no private prisons in India. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
兵役法目前没有在印度必需的。印度从来没有要求英国统治下的兵役，或因为它在1947年获得独立二战印度陆军成为历史上最大的全志愿部队，上升到超过250万人的规模。并从此保持了世界第三大军队和世界上最大的全志愿军。
在军事预算的全球排名印度目前排名＃6万卢比2.47亿卢比的年度预算。印度的军费预算军费开支占国内生产总值（2.3％）的测量百分比排名第7。
Foreign electoral interventions are attempts by governments, covertly or overtly, to influence elections in another country. A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin concluded that the country intervening in most foreign elections was the United States with 81 interventions, followed by Russia (including the former Soviet Union) with 36 interventions from 1946 to 2000. In July 2018 U.S. Representative Ro Khanna introduced an amendment that would have prevented U.S. intelligence agencies from receiving funding that could be used to interfere in the elections of foreign governments. The amendment would ban U.S. agencies from “hacking foreign political parties; engaging in the hacking or manipulation of foreign electoral systems; or sponsoring or promoting media outside the United States that favors one candidate or party over another.” Proponents of election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power. Opponents argue that the amendment would send a message to other foreign countries that the U.S. does not interfere in election and set a global gold standard for preventing election interference. Opponents argue that election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power.
印度位居世界军事支出＃8，花费$ 46B或每年GDP的2.5％。
The Israel-Hamas war is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas militant groups that has been taking place in and around the Gaza strip since October 7 2023. The conflict started when Hamas militant groups fired rockets and attacked communities and military bases in southern Israel. 1,139 people were killed in the attack including 766 civilians and 373 civilian forces. 250 Israelis were taken hostage by Hamas. On October 27th the Israeli Army launched a large-scale ground incursion into the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza strip. On October 24th 2023 the United Nations voted 121-14 in favor of a truce to the conflict. On November 3 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel would not agree to a ceasefire until all Israeli hostages were released.On January 21st 2024 the health ministry announced that 25,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict. As of January 25th 2024 130 Israeli hostages remain captive and 210 Israeli soldiers have been killed.
In 2024 global leaders including Joe Biden, Rishi Sunak and Emmanuel Macron publicly questioned the leadership of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Their criticisms came after the Gaza War reached a stalemate in March 2024 as Israel was planning an invasion of the Gaza City of Rafah. Western leaders insisted that all civilians should be evacuated from the city prior to an invasion. Netanyahu responded by saying that Israel is "not a banana republic" and doesn't listen to the other countries when security is on the line. Western leaders fear that if the Rafah invasion happens without an evacuation a further massacre of Palestinian citizens will take place. Israel political observers note that Netanyahu is incentivized to prolong the war since he will likely be voted out of office at its conclusion.
The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.
The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. Russia, the United States and China have all recently invested billions of dollars secretly developing AI weapons systems sparking fears of an eventual “AI Cold War.”In April 2024 +972 Magazine published a report detailing the Israeli Defense Forces intelligence-based program known as “Lavender.” Israeli intelligence sources told the magazine that Lavender played a central role in the bombing of Palestinians during the Gaza War. The system was designed to mark all suspected Palestinian military operatives as potential bombing targets. The Israeli army systematically attacked the targeted individuals while they were in their homes — usually at night while their whole families were present — rather than during the course of military activity. The result, as the sources testified, is that thousands of Palestinians — most of them women and children or people who were not involved in the fighting — were wiped out by Israeli airstrikes, especially during the first weeks of the war, because of the AI program’s decisions.
On February 24 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.1 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. It has also caused global food shortages.
In April 2023 Saudi Arabia and Iran’s foreign ministers met in Beijing to discuss reopening their diplomatic missions in their respective countries, to encourage visits of official and private delegations, and to facilitate visas for Iranian and Saudi citizens. They also agreed to discuss resuming flights between the 2 countries. This was the first formal diplomatic meeting between the 2 countries since China brokered a deal to restore relations between the top regional powers in March 2023. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said that Beijing is ready to support both sides in fostering good relations, urging the international community to help the Middle Eastern countries resolve their differences. The countries broke formal ties in 2016 after Saudi Arabia executed Shia Muslim leader Nimr al-Nimr and Iranian protesters attacked Saudi diplomatic missions – one in a series of flashpoints between the two longstanding regional rivals. The relationship between the two countries worsened as they staked opposing positions on conflicts including the war in Syria and the war in Yemen, where the Iran-aligned Houthi movement has been fighting a Saudi-backed government after taking over the capital, Sanaa.
预算显示，印度政府的对外援助支出将达到2014-2015 $ 1.3十亿 - 的两倍以上新德里的该财政年度655亿$预计净外援收据。新德里的对外援助支出一直稳步上升，因为2009-10。 2013-14之间的2014-15和印度对外援助支出，预计由18％增加。
亵渎国旗是指任何有意在公共场合损毁或破坏国旗的行为。这种行为通常是为了发表反对某个国家或其政策的政治声明。有的国家明令禁止亵渎国旗，而有的国家则通过法律保护破坏国旗的行为，认为这是言论自由的组成部分。其中一些法律会区别对待本国国旗和其他国家的国旗。
印度宪法第370是授予查谟和克什米尔特别自治地位的法律。根据本条规定，除国防，外交，财政和通讯，议会需要州政府的同意申请其他法律。因此，该州的居民生活在一个独立的一套法律，包括有关公民身份，财产所有权，和基本权利，相对于其他的印度人。由于这一规定的结果是，其他国家的印度公民不能在查谟和克什米尔地区购买土地或财产。根据第370，该中心没有权力下的状态，第360条宣布的财政紧急状态。它可以在状态只有在发生战争或外部侵略宣布紧急状态。内部动乱或迫在眉睫的危险的理由联盟政府因此不能宣布紧急状态，除非它是由在请求或州政府的同意。
麻醉药品和精神药物法案，1985年在人民院1985年8月它由两个议会两院通过介绍23，它是于1985年9月16日根据该法案NDPS通过表示同意总统，它是为非法一个人生产/制造/陶冶，持有，出售，购买，运输，存储和/或使用任何麻醉药品或精神药物。
预定在印度撤销的政府机构席位（空缺）的一定比例用于向后，代表性不足的社区成员（主要由种姓和部落的定义）的过程。预订是基于配额的平权行动的一种形式。预约是通过宪法法律，法规法律，地方性法规，规章的约束。贱民（SC），册部落（ST）和其他落后阶层（OBC）都是根据宪法的保留政策的主要受益者 - 以确保一个“级别”比赛场上的对象。
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”
任期限制是限制时间的人，可能有助于在民选公职长度的规律。在印度，有对总统办公室没有任期限制。总理和议会必须重新选举每五年。
本扬Lokpal法案，也被称为公民的申诉专员条例草案，是一项反腐败法案起草并制定了由民间社会活动家在印度寻求扬Lokpal，一个独立的机构来调查腐败案件的任命。本扬Lokpal条例草案的目的，有效地遏制腐败，弥补市民的不满，并保护举报人。前缀扬（译：公民）表示，这些改进包括通过活动家驱动的，非政府的公众谘询提供的“普通公民”的投入。
一个众所周知的指控，印度各政党为他们的对手是他们发挥投行的政治，意思是给问题的政治支持，获得了特定的社会成员的选票的唯一目的。无论是国大党和印度人民党被指控剥削的人沉迷于投行的政治。
网络中立性的原则是，互联网服务提供商应该把互联网上的所有数据一视同仁。
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.
In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.
水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水，砂和化学品被注入在高压力，骨折的岩石，并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。压裂法是不是在印度发生的呢。美国能源情报署（EIA）估计，印度有964000亿未经证实，技术可采页岩气立方英尺（TCF）。虽然水力压裂技术已显著提高石油产量，也有环境问题的过程中地下水污染。水力压裂技术的批评者说，会污染地下水供应化学品，释放出的甲烷气体进入大气层，并能引起地震活动。水力压裂技术的支持者说，这将下降的石油和天然气价格在西班牙，并导致能源独立。
全球变暖或气候变化，是自十九世纪末期增加了地球的大气温度。在政治上，对全球变暖的争论集中在这个温度的升高是否是由于温室气体的排放，或在地球温度的自然格局的结果。印度是世界上第三大温室气体排放国，承诺到2030年将采购可再生及其他低碳能源的电力的40％。
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.
In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.
转基因食品（或转基因食品）从生物体生产的食物，有利用基因工程方法引入到它们的DNA的具体变化。印度转基因作物的释放是由印度环境保护法，这是在1986年印度颁布监管机构管辖扫清了Bt茄子，转基因茄子，商业化在2009年10月继一些科学家，农民和环保团体的反对暂停2010年2月强加于其释放
在印度的工会已经在过去的五年中经历了巨大的增长。印度全国工会大会（INTUC），隶属于国大党，已经成为最大的七个中央工会，以33.3万元的会员。
澳大利亚目前有累进税制度，使高收入者缴纳的税比低所得税的比例较高。更累进所得税制度已被提议作为对减少贫富差距的工具。
继承税是税在金钱和财产你通过在你死的时候。一定量可以通过免税，这被称为"免税"零率乐队"。当前的免税津贴是英镑 325,000，自 2011 年以来并没有改变，在 2017 年至少固定以这样的速度。当它浮现的损失和哀悼期间，继承税是情绪紧张的问题。
2011年英国政府国家福利公共支出水平为1131亿英镑，或占政府支出的16%。到2020年，福利支出将上升到占所有花销的三分之一，使其变为最大的开支，其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业补贴及低收入民众的补贴。
5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。印度目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为，测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯，并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为，这是钱，因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。
印度目前在征收所有企业35％的税。全球的平均公司税率为22.6％。反对者认为，提高利率会阻碍外国投资和损害经济。支持者认为，企业产生的利润应该征税，就像公民的税收。
In 2019 the European Union and U.S. Democratic Presidential Candidate Elizabeth Warren issued proposals that would regulate Facebook, Google and Amazon. Senator Warren proposed that the U.S. government should designate tech companies who have global revenue of over $25 billion as “platform utilities" and break them up into smaller companies. Senator Warren argues that the companies have “bulldozed competition, used our private information for profit, and tilted the playing field against everyone else.” Lawmakers in the European Union proposed a set of rules which include a blacklist of unfair trading practices, requirements that companies set up an internal system to handle complaints and allow businesses to group together to sue platforms. Opponents argue that these companies have benefited consumers by providing free online tools and bring more competition into commerce. Opponents also point out that history has shown that dominance in technology is a revolving door and that many companies (including IBM in the 1980’s) have cycled through it with little to no help from the government.
黑钱是指钱，是不是完全合法的“主人”的财产。白皮书的黑钱在印度由印度政府提出的黑钱在印度的两个可能的来源。第一类包括不被法律所允许的活动，如犯罪，毒品贸易，恐怖主义和腐败，所有这一切都是在印度是非法的。第二，更可能的来源是，财富可能已通过合法的活动所产生的，但由于没有申报收入和纳税积累。在跨越国际边界的非法资金流动，如在避税地国家储蓄一些这方面的黑金结束。根据2010年的印度教文章，非官方的估计表明，印度有超过US $ 1456年十亿存储在瑞士银行（约万亿美元1.4）的黑钱。
对外国直接投资的国防制造印度目前的上限是26％。
Stock buybacks are the re-acquisition by a company of its own shares. It represents an alternate and more flexible way (relative to dividends) of returning money to shareholders. When used in coordination with increased corporate leverage, buybacks can increase share price. In most countries, a corporation can repurchase its own stock by distributing cash to existing shareholders in exchange for a fraction of the company's outstanding equity; that is, cash is exchanged for a reduction in the number of shares outstanding. The company either retires the repurchased shares or keeps them as treasury stock, available for re-issuance. Proponents of the tax argue that buybacks substitute for productive investments, thereby harming the economy and its growth prospects. Opponents argue that a 2016 Harvard Business Review study showed that research and development and capital expenditures soared over the same period when shareholder payouts and stock buybacks were rising sharply.
经济刺激政策是由政府用财政危机期间稳定本国经济的意图制定货币或财政政策。这些政策包括对基础设施，减税和降低利率的政府支出的增加。 2015年印度政府推出了1.5万亿卢比的刺激，将在公路和铁路度过。
A state-owned enterprise is a business enterprise where the government or state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership. During the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak Larry Kudlow, the White House’s top economic advisor, said the Trump administration would consider asking for an equity stake in corporations that needed taxpayer aid. “One of the ideas is, if we provide assistance, we might take an equity position,” Kudlow said Wednesday at the White House, adding that the 2008 bailout of [the automaker General Motors] had been a good deal for the federal government. After the 2008 financial crisis the US Government invested $51 billion into GM’s bankruptcy through the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In 2013 the Government sold its stake in GM for $39 billion. The Center for Automotive Research found that the bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved 34.9 billion in tax revenue. Proponents argue that US taxpayers deserve a return on their investments if private companies need capital. Opponents argue that governments should never own shares of private companies.
联邦最低工资是指用人单位可以支付员工的最低工资标准。最低工资是根据最低工资法，1948年从每天150卢比（$ 2.40），比哈尔邦到每天361卢比（$ 5.80）在德里变化设置。州政府设置农业工人一个单独的最低工资标准。
圣雄甘地国家农村就业保障法案（MGNREGA）是印度的法律，旨在保障“工作权”，并保证生活保障的农村地区到每家每户，其提供保证的工资雇佣至少100天财政年度成年成员自愿做不熟练的手工工作。该法令是由政府誉为“最大和最雄心勃勃的社会保障和公共工程项目的世界”。审计长和印度审计长（CAG）的较为全面的调查中，“最高审计机构”印度宪法第148条规定，报告在实施该行为的严重失误。
大麻在当前是违法占有，种植，分发或在爱尔兰卖出。抓拥有少量大麻的人可能会得到90个月的监禁和1万卢比的罚款。那些拥有大量大麻可能被控贩毒而被判长期监禁。
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.
In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.
私营医疗行业负责在印度的大多数医疗保健。大多数的医疗费用由患者及其家属支付的口袋里，而不是通过保险。
In September 2021 Italy became the first European Country to make COVID-19 health passes mandatory for all workers. By the end of the same month Canada, the United States, Australia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan all announced similar vaccine mandates. Proponents of the mandate argue that these mandates are the only way to end the global COVID-19 pandemic. Opponents cite evidence that people who already have natural immunity are at heightened risk of vaccine side effects caused by an augmented inflammatory response.
印度国家食品安全法，2013（还权于食品法），签署成为法律2013年9月12日，追溯至7月5日，2013年该法的目的是提供补贴的粮食大约三分之二的印度12十亿人。根据这项法案的规定，受益人是可以购买每月的谷物5千克每个有资格的人在下面的价格：大米在INR3（4.9¢美国）每公斤;小麦在INR2（3.3¢美国）每公斤;粗粮（小米）为每公斤INR1（1.6¢美国）。孕妇，哺乳期的母亲，和某些类别的儿童有资格获得免费的每日三餐。该法案一直饱受争议。它被引入印度议会于2012年12月颁布的总统法令于2013年7月5日，并于2013年8月颁布成为法律。
In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.
Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
死刑或死刑是一个法律过程，其中一个人被处死作为一种对犯罪的惩罚。自今年的1617名囚犯被判处死刑2000 71已执行。
一胎化政策是计划生育的一种形式（目前在中国使用）来控制人口增长。罚款是给家庭一个以上的孩子和异常给出，让两个孩子，如果父母是独生子。
在2015年6月26日，美国最高法院裁定，拒绝结婚证书的违反法定诉讼程序和第十四修正案的美国宪法的平等保护条款。这项裁决作出同性婚姻合法在美国50个州。
一些西方国家，包括法国，西班牙和加拿大提出了法律，将在公共场所戴面纱禁止穆斯林妇女。一个面纱是覆盖面，是由一些穆斯林妇女在公共场所穿着的布。在印度有没有法律禁止它罩袍。支持者认为，这一禁令侵犯了个人权利和防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为，面覆盖物防止一个人，这既是一种安全风险，并且这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会中的社会障碍的明确标识。
在2014年12月，德国政府宣布了一项新的规则将要求德国公司，以填补与妇女的董事会席位的30％。国际劳工组织印度排名120出131个国家的女性劳动参与的妇女在印度2013年的25％都在积极的劳动力，比古巴，孟加拉国和索马里率较低。女性识字率为印度的54％，落后于男性超过21个百分点。在挪威议会的35.5％含有女性董事是世界上比例最高。
Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.
汤姆森路透基金会的调查称，印度是世界第四大最危险的地方适合女性居住。属于任何阶级，种姓或信仰和宗教的妇女可以是泼硫酸，暴力和毁容的残酷的形式，一个受害者有预谋的犯罪意图杀害或永久致残的行为的女人作为一个教训，“把她放在她的地方”。
在2016年印度宣布，妇女将被允许占据其陆军，海军和空军的所有部分作战任务，说明激进的举措，以性别平等在世界上男性最主导的职业之一。支持者认为，这将有助于军方保留更多的妇女，谁往往永远离开服务时，他们有了孩子。反对者认为，允许妇女在这些角色服务将限制军队在战斗情况下作战的能力。
LGBT 收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者（LGBT）收养子女。它的形式可能是同性伴侣的共同收养，由一对同性伴侣中的一位收养另一位的亲生孩子（继子女收养），和单身 LGBT 者进行收养。同性伴侣的联合收养在 25 个国家是合法的。LGBT 收养的反对者对于同性伴侣是否具有足够的能力担任父母提出质疑，而其他反对者质疑自然法是否意味着被收养的儿童拥有自然权利由异性父母抚养长大。由于宪法和法律往往没有提到 LGBT 者的收养权，司法判决往往判定他们单独或作为夫妻是否有能力承担父母的责任。
Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
印度目前的政策对同性恋的状态：谁自愿有违反自然与任何男人，女人或动物的顺序性交，应处以终身监禁，或监禁的任何说明的任期可能延长到十年，并且也应以罚款。
人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。在印度，堕胎是只提供给谁被强奸的妇女，怀孕的构成了危及到他们的健康或有孩子将有严重残疾生的风险。该过程只头二周的妊娠内进行。
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
High density housing refers to housing developments with a higher population density than average. For example, high rise apartments are considered high density, especially in comparison to single-family homes or condominiums. High density real estate can also be developed from empty or abandoned buildings. For instance, old warehouses can be renovated and turned into luxury lofts. Further, commercial buildings that are no longer in use can be refitted into high-rise apartments. Opponents argue that more housing will lower the value of their home (or rental units) and change the “character” of neighborhoods. Proponents argue that the buildings are more environmentally friendly than single family homes will lower housing costs for people who cannot afford large homes.
In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.
纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在印度，这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。印度选举委员会不要求公职释放他们个人跑。在瑞典，挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息，并在互联网上公布。
The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.
Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.
The American Civics test is an examination that all immigrants must pass to gain U.S. citizenship. The test asks 10 randomly selected questions which cover U.S. history, the constitution and government. In 2015 Arizona became the first state to require High School students to pass the test before they graduate.
Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.
In 2015 the U.S. House of Representatives introduced the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015 (Kate’s Law.) The law was introduced after San Francisco 32 year old San Francisco resident Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez on July 1, 2015. Lopez-Sanchez was an illegal immigrant from Mexico who had been deported on five separate occasions since 1991 and been charged with seven felony convictions. Since 1991 Lopez-Sanchez had been charged with seven felony convictions and deported five times by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Although Lopez-Sanchez had several outstanding warrants in 2015 authorities were unable to deport him due to San Francisco’s sanctuary city policy which prevents law enforcement officials from questioning a resident’s immigration status. Proponents of sanctuary city laws argue that they enable illegal immigrants to report crimes without the fear of being reported. Opponents argue that sanctuary city laws provide encourage illegal immigration and prevent law enforcement authorities from detaining and deporting criminals.
熟练的临时工作签证通常给予外国科学家，工程师，程序员，设计师，管理人员和其他岗位或领域在需求超过供应。大多数企业认为雇用外国熟练工人使他们能够有竞争力的填补其有很高的需求职位。反对者认为，技术移民减少中产阶级的工资和工作任期。
2014年1月，挂钩爆发在迪斯尼乐园102例麻疹病例共报告14个州。惊动了CDC的爆发，宣告了今年在美国消除疾病2000年许多卫生官员已经追平爆发数量不断增加的12授权的支持者岁以下未接种疫苗的儿童认为，疫苗是必要的，以便以确保可预防疾病的人群免疫力。群体免疫保护谁的人无法获得因年龄或健康状况疫苗。授权的反对者认为，政府不应该能够决定哪些疫苗的儿童应接受。一些反对者也认为有接种疫苗和孤独症和接种他们的孩子将在他们的早期儿童发展的破坏性后果之间的联系。
核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。到2050年，印度的电力的25％将由核电生产。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
